Media Industries in the Digital Era: Analyzing the Democratizing and Decentralizing Effect of Digitalisation on Media Industries
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56326/jils.v6i1.1413Keywords:
Media Industries, digitalisation, film industry, music industry, online platformAbstract
This paper aims to assess the democratizing and decentralising effect of digitalisation towards the media industries. Throughout the history, the relationship between the media industries and technology is a form of an intertwined relationship. A series of developments in the technologies have been affected the production as well as distribution system of the media industries where it brings new opportunities in cultural production making and distribution. The study uses qualitative methodology, particularly study literature to analys in what way digitalisation can be seen as having a democratizing and decentralizing effect on the media industries. The finding in this research demonstrates that (1) digitalisation opens a greater opportunity for the consumer to be an independent content creator (2) digitalisation changes the distribution pattern in media industries where it heavily relies on online platforms (3) Digitalisation still has some limitations, hence, the decentralizing and democratizing effect at some points do not fully achieve.
References
Baker, E.C. 2007. Media Concentration and Democracy Why Ownership Matters. Cambridge University Press. [Online]. [Accessed 1 December 2016]. Available from: http://dlx.bookzz.org/genesis/220000/e8f10511b0acef85753699d2d16a95f8/_as/%5BC._Edwin_B aker%5D_Media_Concentration_and_Democracy(BookZZ.org).pdf
Benkler, Yochai. 2006. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. [Online]. London: Yale University Press. [Accessed 9 December 2016]. Available from: http://dlx.bookzz.org/genesis/604000/a383a1d3ff65c757fefdb0f0d0f874b1/_as/%5BYochai_Benkl er%5D_The_Wealth_of_Networks_How_Socia(BookZZ.org).pdf
Brennen, S. and Kreiss, D. 2014. Digitalisation and Digitization. [Online]. [Accessed 2 December 2016]. Available from: http://culturedigitally.org/2014/09/digitalisation-and-digitization/
Bowles, K. 2001. The Last Bemboka Picture Show: 16 mm Cinema as Rural Community Fundraiser in the 1950s. In: Maltby, R., Biltereyst, D. and Meers, P. eds. 2011. Explorations in New Cinema History: Approaches and Case Studies. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell (an imprint of John Wiley & Sons Ltd).
Burkart, Patrick. 2006. Chapter Two. In: Burkart, Patrick. 2006. Digital Music Wars: Ownership and Control of the Celestial Jukebox. pp.43-86, Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield. [Online]. [Accessed 12 December 2016]. Available from: https://vlebb.leeds.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-3981412-dt-contentrid386107_4/institution/Services/Library/OCR/COMM/COMM5710M/COMM5710M_Burkart%2C%20Patrick.pdf
Bustamante, E. 2004. Cultural Industries in The Digital Age: Some Provisional Conclusions. Media, Culture & Society. 26(6), pp.803–820. [Online]. [Accessed 12 December 2016]. Available from: http://0-journals.sagepub.com.wam.leeds.ac.uk/doi/pdf/10.1177/0163443704047027
Canon Europe. 2016. Introduction to Digital Photography: Differences Between Analogue and Digital. [Online]. [Accessed 5 January 2017]. Available from: http://cpn.canoneurope. com/content/education/infobank/introduction_to_digital_photography/differences_betw een_analogue_and_digital.do
Castell, M. 2010. The Rise of Network Society. 2nd. [Online]. Blackwell: West Sussex. [Accessed 12 December 2016]. Available from: http://dlx.bookzz.org/genesis/457000/eba564fbc5963ded5b7f0e956ea6af4b/_as/%5BManuel_Cas tells%5D_The_Rise_of_the_Network_Society,(Book4You).pdf
Champion, K., Doyle, G. and Schlesinger, P. [no date]. Researching Diversity of Content in a Multiplatform Context. Quality, Diversity and Innovation: Their Role in The Economic Functioning Of The Media Industries. [Online]. [Accessed 15 December 2016]. Available from: http://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_307054_en.pdf
Crisell, A. 1997. An Introductory History of British Broadcasting. London: Routledge.
Erickson, M.P.A. 2011. Independent Filmmaking in The Pacific Northwest: A Critical Analysis of the Regional Film Landscape. University of Oregon. [Online]. [Accessed 15 December 2016]. Available from: https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/11527/Erickson_Mary_PA_ph d2011sp.pdf?sequence=1
Fair, J. 2006. The Impact of Digital Technology upon the Filmmaking Production Process. Dublin: University College Dublin. [Online]. [Accessed 11 December 2016]. Available from: https://the72project.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/thesis.pdf
Gornostaeva, G. and Pratt, AC 2006, Digitisation and Face-to-face Interactions: The Example of the Film Industry in London. International Journal of Technology, Knowledge & Society. 1, pp. 101-108. [Online]. [Accessed 12 December 2016]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Galina_Gornostaeva/publication/277816379_Digitisation_ and_Face-to-face_Interactions_The_Example_of_Film_Industry_in_London_Digitisation_and_Facetoface_ Interactions_The_Example_of_the_Film_Industry_in_London/links/5574ba7108ae7521586a96 33.pdf
Hesmondhalgh, D. 2013. The Cultural Indutries. 3rd. SAGE: London
Hendy, D. 2000. A Political Economy of Radio in The Digital Age. Journal of Radio Studies. [Online]. 7(1), pp.213–234. [Accessed 9 December 2016]. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1207/s15506843jrs0701_16?needAccess=true
Hindman, M. 2007. A Mile Wide and an Inch Deep: Measuring Media Diversity Online And Offline. In: Napoli, P. ed. Media Diversity and Localism: Meaning and Metrics. Lawrence Erlbaum: NJ, pp. 327– 348.
Hindman, M. 2008. The Myth of Digital Democracy. [Online]. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. [Accessed 16 December 2016]. Available from: http://dlx.bookzz.org/genesis/915000/ede9a5dae409447d682371df8235be46/_as/%5BMatthew_H indman%5D_The_Myth_of_Digital_Democracy(Book4You).pdf
Hollifield, C.A. 2003. The Economics of International Media, In: Alexander, A., Owers, J.E. and Carveth, R.A. 3rd. Media economics: Theory and practice.. United States: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
International Federation of Phonography Industry. 2015. IFPI Digital Music Report. [Online]. [Accessed 16 December 2016]. Available from: http://www.ifpi.org/downloads/Digital-Music- Report-2015.pdf
Jakarta Beat. 2016. Produksi Film Indie di Indonesia Terus Meningkat. [Online]. 10 April 2016. [Accessed 7 December 2016]. Available from: https://www.jakartabeat.net/berita/dalamnegeri/ konten/produksi-film-indie-di-indonesia-terus-meningkat?lang=id
Jenkins, H. 2006. Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. [Online]. New York University Press: New York. [Accessed 8 December 2016]. Available from: http://is.muni.cz/el/1423/jaro2012/ZUR286/um/22759680/Jenkins__Henry_- _Convergence_Culture.pdf
Kung, L., Picard, R.G. and Towse, R. 2008. The Internet and The Mass Media. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
McChesney, R.W. 2014. Digital Disconnect: How Capitalism Is Turning the Internet Against Democracy. [Online]. New York: The New Press. [Accessed 18 December 2016]. Available from: http://dlx.bookzz.org/genesis/1350000/e9a603dad5a951ccf619a32a261a235e/_as/%5BRobert_W._ McChesney%5D_Digital_disconnect_how_capi(BookZZ.org).pdf http://dlx.bookzz.org/genesis/1350000/e9a603dad5a951ccf619a32a261a235e/_as/%5BRobert_W._ McChesney%5D_Digital_disconnect_how_capi(BookZZ.org).pdf
McIntyre, H. 2016. Sony Has Officially Signed On to SoundCloud. Forbes. [Online]. 21 March 2016. [Accessed 16 December 2016]. Available from: http://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2016/03/21/sony-has-officially-signed-on-tosoundcloud/# 7dd5b5254a04
Musburger, R.B. and Kindem, G. 2009. Introduction to media production: The path to digital media production. [Online]. Amsterdam: Focal Press/Elsevier. [Accessed 12 December 2016]. Available from: http://dlx.bookzz.org/genesis/527000/95c0ef6592b8e75bcfd78589d6cedeb7/_as/%5BGorham_Ki ndem_PhD,_Robert_B._Musburger__PhD%5D_Intr(BookZZ.org).pdf
Nielsen, M. 2012. Reinventing Discovery: The New Era of Networked Science. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Noam, E. 2009. Media Concentration and Ownership in America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Nyre, L. and Ala-Fossi, M. 2008. The Next Generation Platform: Comparing Audience Registration and Participation in Digital Sound Media. Journal of Radio & Audio Media. [Online]. 15(1), pp.41–58. [Accessed 12 December 2016]. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19376520801978142?needAccess=true
OFCOM. 2016. The Communications Market: Digital Radio Report Ofcom’s Seventh Annual Digital Progress Report. [Online]. [Accessed 14 December 2016]. Available from: https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0033/94839/Digital-Radio-Report-2016-chartpack.pdf
Pavlik, J.V. 2008. Media in The Digital Age. Columbia University Press: New York
Redmond, W. 2004. Microsoft at Year’s End: Broad Range of Products and Services Introduced in 2004; Advances in Services, Software and Tools Slated for 2005. Microsoft News Center. [Online]. 14 December 2004. [Accessed 19 December 2016]. Available from: http://news.microsoft.com/2004/12/14/microsoft-at-years-end-broad-range-of-products-andservices- introduced-in-2004-advances-in-services-software-and-tools-slated-for- 2005/#sm.00015wi5logbpef0yp01zgu00ml2w#LAgdZlOBmbozEGLi.97
Sparks, Colin. 2004. The Impact of the Internet on The Existing Media. In: Calabrese, Andrew, Toward A Political Economy of Culture: Capitalism and Communication in The Twenty-First Century. pp.307- 326, Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield. [Online]. [Accessed 19 December 2016]. Available from: https://vlebb.leeds.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-3981415-dt-content-rid- 386117_4/institution/Services/Library/OCR/COMM/COMM5710M/COMM5710M_Sparks%2C Colin.pdf
Square Trade. 2010. Digital Camera Failure Rates: Panasonic Most Reliable Manufacturer of Point-and- Shoot Cameras. [Online]. [Accessed 6 January 2017]. Available from: https://www.squaretrade.com/htm/pdf/Camera_failure_study.pdf
Supriyanto. 2014. Raditya Dika Orang Indonesia Pertama Mendapat Youtube Partner Rewards. Tabloid Bintang. [Online]. 20 February 2014. [Accessed 12 December 2016]. Available from: http://www.tabloidbintang.com/articles/berita/polah/3823-Raditya-Dika-Orang-Indonesia- Pertama-Mendapat-Youtube-Partner-Rewards
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. 2012. Digital Dilemma 2 Perspectives From Independent Filmmakers, Documentarians And Nonprofit Audiovisual Archives. Hollywood, CA: Science & Technology Council, The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
Tiene, D. 2002. Addressing the Global Digital Divide and its Impact on Educational Opportunity. Educational Media International. [Online]. 39:3-4, pp. 212-222. [Accessed 5 January 2017]. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09523980210166440
Turner, F. 2006. From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, The Whole Earth Network, And The Rise of Digital Utopianism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
United Nations. 2015. Billions of People in Developing World Still Without Internet Access, New UN Report Finds. UN News Center. [Online]. 21 September 2015. [Accessed 5 December 2016]. Available from: http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=51924#.WFvZ9PkrLIU
Vogelsang, M. 2010. Digitalisation in Open Economies. [no place]: Physica-Verlag HD. [Online]. [Accessed 7 December 2016]. Available from: http://dlx.bookzz.org/genesis/580000/0afb66a0e5a8488663402139fe4d9788/_as/%5BMichael_Vog elsang%5D_Digitalisation_in_Open_Economi(Book4You).pdf
Van Cuilenburg and McQuail, 1982. In: Picard, R.G. 2000. Measuring media content, quality, and diversity: Approaches and issues in content research. Turku, Finland: Media Economics, Content and Diversity Project and Media Group.
Walker, R. 2015. Can Soundcloud Be the Facebook of Music?. Bloomberg. [Online]. 9 July 2015. [Accessed 21 December 2016]. Available from: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2015- 07-10/can-soundcloud-be-the-facebook-of-music
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of International and Local Studies
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.