Secularism and Democracy: A Comparative Study of Turkey and Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56326/jils.v8i2.4756Keywords:
democracy, secularism, Muslim world, Indonesia, TurkeyAbstract
Turkey and Indonesia, while sharing similarities as Muslim-majority democracies with a presidential system, also exhibit distinct differences. Geographically, Indonesia is located in Southeast Asia, separating the Pacific and Indian Oceans, whereas Turkey serves as a bridge between Asia and Europe. Despite their differences, both countries practice secularism, with Turkey often cited as a successful example of a Muslim-majority state maintaining secular governance. Indonesia, despite its diverse ethnic and religious landscape, also upholds the separation of religion and politics. This paper will explore the practice of secularism in both Turkey and Indonesia, examining its historical background, relationship with democracy, and compatibility with Islam. The first part will cover the concept of secularism, while subsequent parts will focus on the implementation of secularism in Turkey and Indonesia, respectively.
References
Al Jazeera. (2011, August 1). Turkey to appoint new military leadership. Retrieved December 20, 2017, from http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2011/08/20118113584619619.html
Adeney, B. (2017, December 15). Indonesia and the future of Islam. Retrieved December 15, 2017, from https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/indonesia-and-future-islam
Bader, V. (2007). Secularism or democracy? Amsterdam University Press.
Baswedan, A. (2004). Political Islam in Indonesia: Present and future trajectory. Asian Survey, 44. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2004.44.3.401
Bhakti, I. N. (2004). Transition to democracy in Indonesia. Asia Pacific Center for Security Studies.
Bokhari, K. (2017, December 16). The Muslim world between Shariah and the rule of law. Retrieved December 16, 2017, from https://geopoliticalfutures.com/the-muslim-world-between-shariah-and-the-rule-of-law/
Bostan, I. (2017, December 14). Islam, state, and secularism: Assessing the perceived conflicts between Islam and secularism. Retrieved December 14, 2017, from http://journal.wrocah.ac.uk/article/islam-state-and-secularism-assessing-the-perceived-conflicts-between-islam-and-secularism/
Bruce, S. (2009). Secularisation and politics. In J. Haynes (Ed.), Routledge handbook of religions and politics (pp. 1-13). Routledge.
Coca, N. (2016, December 20). Is Indonesia’s vaunted secularism under threat? Retrieved December 20, 2017, from https://thediplomat.com/2016/12/is-indonesias-vaunted-secularism-under-threat/
Daver, B. (1988). Secularism in Turkey. Ataturk Arastirma Merkezi Dergisi, IV(11).
Dwyer, L. (2017, April 20). America’s stake in upholding Indonesia’s democracy. Retrieved December 20, 2017, from https://thediplomat.com/2017/04/americas-stake-in-upholding-indonesias-democracy/
Ekins, R. (2005). Secular fundamentalism and democracy. Journal of Markets and Morality, 8(1), 1-20.
Ellis, A. (2007). Indonesia’s constitutional change reviewed. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Elson, R. E. (2010). Nationalism, Islam, secularism, and the state in contemporary Indonesia. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 64(3), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2010.484508
Ganji, A. (2017, December 13). Why secularism is compatible with the Quran and Sunnah – and an Islamic state is not. Retrieved December 13, 2017, from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/akbar-ganji/secularism-islam-islamic-state_b_6426300.html
Hoffe, O. (2007). Democracy in an age of globalisation. Springer.
Kuru, A. T. (2009). A research note on Islam, secularism, and democracy. Insight Turkey, 11(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/097152310901100402
Lane, J. E., & Redissi, H. (2009). Religion and politics. Ashgate Publishing Company.
Lowen, M. (2017, December 15). Turkey post-coup purges convulse society. Retrieved December 15, 2017, from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37517735
Majid, N. (1998). Reinvigorating religious understanding in the Indonesian Muslim community. In C. Kurzman (Ed.), Liberal Islam: A sourcebook (pp. 1-20). Oxford University Press.
Mujani, S., & Liddle, R. W. (2009). Muslim Indonesia’s secular democracy. Asian Survey, 49(4), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2009.49.4.578
Nichols, J. (2017, December 14). Benjamin Barber, a brilliant thinker who saw the future. Retrieved December 14, 2017, from https://www.thenation.com/article/benjamin-barber-a-brilliant-thinker-who-saw-the-future/
Pandey, V. C. (2005). Democracy and education. Isha Books.
Rahim, L. Z. (2011). Towards a post-Islamist secular democracy in the Muslim world. Paper presented at the University of Sydney Politics Research Workshop.
Raja, R. H. (2017, December 20). Turkey’s referendum and the future of secularism. Retrieved December 20, 2017, from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/turkeys-referendum-and-the-future-of-secularism_us_58da76afe4b0ef7ce8c5c1d1
Rothman, L. (2017, December 14). A short history of modern Turkey military coup. Retrieved December 14, 2017, from http://time.com/4408850/turkey-coup-history/
Shapiro, J. L. (2017, December 13). The blurry line between religion and secularism in Turkey. Retrieved December 13, 2017, from https://geopoliticalfutures.com/the-blurry-line-between-religion-and-secularism-in-turkey/
Siam-Heng, M. (2010). State and secularism: Perspective from Asia. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
Somer, M. (2009). Democracy (for me): Religious and secular beliefs and social and political pluralism in Turkey. Paper presented at the Sakip Sabanci International Research Award Workshop, Istanbul.
Stepan, A. (2000). Religion, democracy, and the twin tolerations. Journal of Democracy, 11(4), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2000.0088
Sullivan, M. (2017, December 20). The anti-secularism. Retrieved December 20, 2017, from http://www.e-ir.info/2016/03/22/the-new-anti-secularism/
Toprak, B. (2005). Secularism and Islam: The building of modern Turkey. Macalester International, 15(9), 1-20.
Turner, B. (2011). Religion and modern society: Citizenship, secularization, and the state. Cambridge University Press.
Tuysuz, G. (2016, July 18). Failed coup in Turkey: What you need to know. Retrieved December 21, 2017, from http://edition.cnn.com/2016/07/18/middleeast/turkey-failed-coup-explainer/
Yuvuz, M. H. (2006). The emergence of a new Turkey: Democracy and the AK Parti. University of Utah Press.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Fahmi Basyhah Fauzi, Muhammad Asy'ari
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
